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•     Tax    and     accounting   executives, 31 May, 2019) note
       regulations.                       that the pay gaps between male and

        •     Industry and competition.   female  CEOs  have  decreased  to  a
                                          negligible  degree  over  a  five-year
        Helen    Spiropoulos,    Martin   period (2013–2018). According
       Bugeja,  Zoltan    P.  Matolcsy,   to  the  findings,  breaking  the  glass
       (Is there a gender gap in CEO      ceiling contributes to a decrease
       compensation? ScienceDirect, 21    in the GPG  and, consequently,
       June 2012) researched on the total   gender inequality. However, the
       compensation, base pay, bonuses, as   study also offers novel insights into
       well as various matching strategies   many GPG elements, including the
       and  econometric  specifications.   interaction of female risk aversion
       Their findings suggest that CEO pay   with income and pension benefits.
       for women who break through the    When deciding how to achieve their
       “glass ceiling” is comparable to that   stated goals of eliminating gender
       for their male colleagues. They also   inequality,  political  leaders  must
       state that the media, government,   adopt a broad perspective on pay.
       advocacy groups, and academics
       are all interested in the issue of   According to a survey published by
       the gender pay gap of executives,   Monster Salary Index and Women
       CEOs,  and other employees. A      of India Inc (Economic Times, 12
       substantially bigger sample than   March, 2018) covers the gender pay
       that used in previous studies is used   gap  parity  and  the  how  it  affects
       in this study to determine whether   women. In India, the gender wage
       there  is  a  gender  pay  difference   gap widens as one gains in-house
       for US CEOs. In addition, for      experience. Men made 7.8% more
       companies with female CEOs, we     money on average than women
       apply  propensity  score  matching   with  0 to  2 years  of  experience,
       to create a better matched control   but  this  difference  rose  to  25%
       business. According to our findings,   for those with 11 or more years
       there  is  no  difference  between  the   of experience. Promila Agarwal
       total remuneration, salary, or bonus   (‘The Glass Ceiling- Leadership
       received by female CEOs.  Javier   Gender Balance in NSE 200
       Garcia-Lacalle, Sheila Ellwood &   Companies’, Business Today Desk,
       Sonia  Royo, (The shattered glass   11 February, 2022) in her research
       ceiling and  a narrowing  gender   states that the senior or top-level
       pay gap  in NHS foundation         management has a high number of
       trusts:  gender  and  salaries  of  chief   male executives compared to female
                                          executives in many organizations

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